We have attempted to do so in our own small way and this may be verified
and reviewed before using.
We have done so primarily with Asbestos Cement, which is today consuming
about 90 % of the Asbestos being used.
of Asbestos Cement (AC) with major alternatives – plastics (/ GRP/FRP)
& metals and minor / insignificant alternative namely Non Asbestos
(PVA) fibre Cement (NAC):
|
Parameter
|
AC
|
Plastics / GRP/FRP
|
Metals
|
NAC
|
Ref.
|
|
RAW MATERIAL STAGE
|
|
Risk
ratios in mining
Risks
in Mining for Raw materials
|
1.39
In Asbestos mining & milling
|
??
In petroleum mining
Malignant neoplasm of bronchus & lung due to Silica containing
rocks. (C34)
|
2-5
In Iron ore mining
Malignant neoplasm of bronchus & lung due to Radon progeny, in
underground mining (C34)
Anaemias (D64) & Toxic encephalopathy (G92) due to Lead in Lead
& Zinc mining
Pneumoconiosis / Siderosis of lung due to Iron dust in mining (J63.4)
Pneumoconiosis due to other inorganic dust in foundries (J63.8)
|
??
In petroleum mining
|
Univ of Massachusets R1 
WHOR2
C34 WHO / SDE/OEH/99.11
D64 WHO / SDE/OEH/99.11
|
|
Risks
to ecology due to mining
|
??
(Availability is in abundance & substitutes are known)
|
??
(Availability is running low and many substitutes are not yet effective)
|
??
(Availability is running low and many substitutes are not yet effective)
|
??
(Availability is running low and many substitutes are not yet effective)
|
As per our knowledge
|
|
Raw
Materials
|
Primarily Natural
[Asbestos, cement, water, pozzolona (optional) ]
|
Synthetic & Highly processed
(petroleum, vinyl chloride, PVC, solvents / glass fibre / aramid
fibre / other fibres / solvents / adhesives)
|
Highly processed & synthetic
(For steel : Iron ore, coke, limestone, other metals for making
steel alloy, plastic / paint / zinc / bitumen for coating)
(for Aluminium : Aluminium, bauxite, anodizing / coatings)
|
Highly processed & synthetic
( high tenacity PVA, flocculants, micro silica, wood pulp, cement,
water, pozzolona?)
|
As per our knowledge
|
|
Risks / Risk ratio in Transportation to processing site
|
No additional as included in above
|
??
|
??
|
??
|
|
|
Risks / Risk Ratios in raw material prodn. / processing
|
No additional as included in above
Threshold value for chrysotile is 2f/cc
Malignant neoplasm of bronchus & lung (C34) / mesothelioma (C45)
of pleura/peritoneum / pleural plaque (J90,92) / other pleural condns
(J94)
|
??
200 in plastic workers ?
Malignant neoplasm of :
1. liver & bile ducts due to vinyl chloride industry & its
polymerisation industry (C22)
2. bronchus & lung due to Silica in glass manufacturing (C34)
3. skin due to Arsenic in glassmaking (C44)
Aplastic
Anaemias due to benzene in petroleum In dustry(D61)
Agranulocytosis due to benzene in petroleum industry (D70)
Polyneuropathy due to
1.Arsenic & its compounds in glassmaking
2. Acrylamide in Plastic Industry
|
2-5
In iron foundry workers & metal grinders and finishers.
Carcinogen PAH exposure risk in Aluminium prodn.
Malignant neoplasm of bronchus & lung due to :
1. Radon progeny, in processing of ores. (C34)
2. Nickel in Stainless Steel Prodn. (C34) (No threshold values provided)
3. Silica in foundries (C34)
Anaemias (D64) & Toxic encephalopathy (G92) & Polyneuropathy
(G62) due to Lead & Zinc in metallurgy
Cataract due to infrared radiation for blacksmiths & glass blowers
(H26)
Pneumoconiosis / Aluminosis of lung due to Aluminium (J63.0)
Pneumoconiosis / Bauxite fibrosis of lung due to Bauxite (J63.1)
Pneumoconiosis / Siderosis of lung due to Iron dust in metallurgy
(J63.4)
|
??
200 in plastic workers
|
Univ of Mass R1
WHOR2
IARC monographs
SAFEX 26.3.99
WHO / SDE/OEH/99.11
|
|
Risks / Risk Ratios in raw material Transportation to product Industry
site
|
Negligible
|
??
|
??
|
??
|
|
|
Risks / Risk Ratios in raw material storage
|
Negligible
|
??
|
??
|
??
|
|
|
Product Industry Stage
|
|
Pollutants involved/ possible in the product Industry
|
Asbestos
|
Vinyl Chloride*, Acrylonitrile, DEPH,
1-3-Butadiene, Epichlorohydrin, Tetrachloroethylene , Formaldehyde,
etc. and others?
|
Iron Ore, Lead*, Arsenic*, Cadmium*,
Trichloroethylene,*
Nickel* etc. and others?
|
PVA fibre and others eg. Flocculants , Micro silica, wood pulp ?
|
ATSDR R3
|
|
Risks / Risk Ratio in the product Industry
|
0.9 – 1.5
disease as above
|
200 for liver
4 for brain
due to Vinyl Chloride* alone in plastic workers.
Brain damage and dysfunction & physical disease due to organic
solvents (F06)?
Toxic encephalopathy due to organic solvents (G92)
|
2– 5, upto
781 (nickel) for lungs,larynx, nasal sinuses
Toxic
encephalopathy due to Lead in welding and cutting (G92).
Secondary Parkinsonism due to Manganese in welding (G21)
Interstitial pulmonary disease (J84)
With fibrosis (J84.1), Asthma (J45), Rhitnis (J30.3) due metal dust
from sintered metal (eg. In metal grinding)
|
??
Risk
to lungs, liver, brain, nasal cavity ?
Brain damage and dysfunction & physical disease due to organic
solvents (F06)?
|
Univ of Mass R1
WHOR2
|
|
Biopersistence in lungs
Allergic effects etc.
Effects on other organs
|
??
Nil
Nil
|
??
Yes
Yes
|
??
Yes
Yes
|
??
Yes
Yes
|
As per our knowledge
|
Heating
reqd.
|
Negligible / None (in warm / tropical country)
|
Electric
|
Electric or fuel fired
|
??
|
As per our knowledge
|
|
Pollution thereof
|
Negligible / None
|
PCBs*, PAHs* etc.
|
PCBs*, PAHs* etc.
|
??
|
ATSDR R3
& As per our knowledge
|
|
Risk Ratio
|
??
|
??, however, proportional to heating reqd. thus many times more
|
??, however, proportional to heating reqd. thus many times more
|
??
|
|
|
Electricity reqd.
|
Least
|
5 to 10 times
|
5 to 10 times
|
??
|
|
|
=> pollution
|
Least
|
5 to 10 times
|
5 to 10 times
|
??
|
|
|
Effluents & risks thereof
|
Nil (no gas/liquid / solid)
|
??
|
??
|
??
|
|
|
Risk due to effluent treatment process
|
Nil
|
??
|
??
|
??
|
|
|
PRODUCT INSTALLATION
|
|
Risks in product installation
|
No heating / welding / chemicals needed
|
Heating / chemical adhesives used
|
Welding
|
??
|
|
|
PRODUCT USAGE
|
|
Risks in Product usage
|
None
|
Toxins leach out in water supply pipes ?
Sheets ?
|
Corrosion & tuberculation Contaminate in water supply pipes ?
Sheets ?
|
??
|
|
|
PRODUCT DISPOSAL
|
|
Risks in product disposal
|
Negligible
|
High
|
??
|
??
|
|
|
Product Recycle scope
|
100 %
|
??
|
??
|
??
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
